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A foundational model in marketing, the 4Ps framework classifies the key elements a business uses to promote its brand or product. It consists of Product (the item or service), Price (the cost to the consumer), Place (where it's sold), and Promotion (the advertising and sales activities). These four variables are controlled by the company to influence consumer demand.

5S ist eine Methode zur Arbeitsplatzorganisation, die auf fünf japanischen Wörtern basiert: Seiri (Sortieren), Seiton (Ordnen), Seisō (Glänzen), Seiketsu (Standardisieren) und Shitsuke (Aufrechterhalten). Dieses System zielt darauf ab, die Effizienz zu steigern und Abfall zu vermeiden, indem der Arbeitsplatz effektiv organisiert wird. Es ist ein grundlegender Bestandteil von Kaizen und Lean Manufacturing und schafft das stabile Umfeld, das für Verbesserungen notwendig ist.

Relationship marketing is a strategic approach that shifts the focus from individual transactions to building long-term customer loyalty and engagement. It emphasizes customer retention, satisfaction, and lifetime value over short-term sales goals. Key tactics include customer relationship management (CRM) systems, loyalty programs, and personalized communication, aiming to create a strong, emotional connection between the brand and the customer.

Disintermediation is the economic process of removing intermediaries from a supply chain, thereby connecting producers directly with consumers. In the DTC context, this means bypassing traditional wholesalers, distributors, and brick-and-mortar retailers. This structural change allows brands to capture profit margins that would otherwise go to middlemen, while also gaining direct control over their product's journey and presentation to the market.

Customer-to-customer (C2C) is a business model where consumers trade directly with each other, typically facilitated by a third-party online platform. This model contrasts with business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B) models. The platform provider is not the seller but an intermediary that enables the transaction, creating a market for second-hand goods, handmade items, or collectibles.

Digital trust and reputation systems are critical mechanisms that facilitate cooperation between strangers in online P2P platforms. They quantify and display the past behavior of users, typically through ratings, reviews, and endorsements. This creates a form of social collateral, reducing transaction uncertainty and risk, which is essential for the functioning of the sharing economy where traditional trust indicators are absent.

A Digitally Native Vertical Brand (DNVB) is a specialized type of DTC company that originates online and controls its entire value chain. The 'vertical' aspect refers to their integration of design, manufacturing, marketing, and distribution. Unlike traditional brands that may adopt a DTC channel, a DNVB's primary mode of customer interaction, transaction, and brand-building is digital from its inception.

The marketing concept is a business philosophy holding that achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors. It represents a shift from a product-centric ("make and sell") approach to a customer-centric ("sense and respond") one, placing the customer at the core of all business decisions.

Kaizen is a Japanese term meaning "change for the better" or "continuous improvement." It is a core philosophy of lean manufacturing that focuses on making small, ongoing, positive changes to improve processes and eliminate waste. Kaizen involves all employees, from senior management to assembly line workers, fostering a culture where everyone is empowered to suggest and implement improvements.

Ein „Blockbuster-Medikament“ ist ein pharmazeutisches Produkt, das seinem Hersteller einen Jahresumsatz von über einer Milliarde US-Dollar beschert. Dieses Geschäftsmodell prägte die Pharmaindustrie seit jeher: Der Fokus lag auf Forschung und Entwicklung (F&E) für häufige, chronische Erkrankungen, um die patentgeschützten Einnahmen zu maximieren. Diese Einnahmen finanzieren die weitere Forschung und Entwicklung neuer Medikamente und schaffen so einen Kreislauf aus Innovation und hohen Gewinnen.

Gemba (現場) ist der japanische Begriff für „der eigentliche Ort“. Im Management bezeichnet es den Ort der Wertschöpfung, beispielsweise die Fabrikhalle. Gemba Kaizen ist das Prinzip, den Gemba aufzusuchen, um den Prozess zu beobachten, mit den Mitarbeitern zu interagieren und Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten direkt vor Ort zu identifizieren, anstatt von einem entfernten Büro aus.

Der Begriff „Upcycling“ wurde erstmals 1994 vom deutschen Ingenieur Reiner Pilz in einem Interview mit dem Journalisten Thornton Kay geprägt. Pilz stellte ihn dem „Downcycling“ gegenüber, bei dem Materialien in etwas von minderer Qualität umgewandelt werden. Er beschrieb Upcycling als den Prozess, bei dem alten Produkten mehr Wert verliehen wird, nicht weniger, und betonte damit die Notwendigkeit einer neuen Perspektive auf Abfallmaterialien.

The C2C model has two primary implementations: online marketplaces and classifieds. Marketplaces, like eBay, are highly integrated, providing payment processing, structured listings, and reputation systems. They are active intermediaries. In contrast, classifieds platforms, like Craigslist, act more as simple connectors, providing a venue for listings but typically leaving the payment and transaction logistics entirely up to the users themselves.

The Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) model is a business strategy where a company manufactures and ships its products directly to buyers, bypassing traditional intermediaries like wholesalers or retailers. This approach primarily leverages e-commerce platforms and digital marketing to establish a direct relationship with the end consumer, enabling greater control over branding, customer experience, and pricing structures.