The magnetosphere is the region of space surrounding Earth where the planet’s magnetic field, rather than the solar wind’s magnetic field, is dominant. It is formed by the interaction of the solar wind with Earth’s intrinsic magnetic field. This interaction creates a bow shock and deflects most of the charged particles from the Sun, protecting the atmosphere from erosion.
磁层是一个由太阳风塑造的复杂而动态的结构，太阳风是来自太阳的连续带电粒子流（主要为质子和电子）。在面向太阳的一侧，磁层被压缩，延伸约10个地球半径。外边界是磁层顶。磁层顶的上游是弓形激波，超音速太阳风在此突然减速。在另一侧，即背阳面，磁层被拉伸成一条长长的尾巴，即磁尾，延伸数百个地球半径。
Within the magnetosphere are the Van Allen radiation belts, two doughnut-shaped zones of energetic charged particles trapped by the magnetic field. The inner belt consists mainly of high-energy protons, while the outer belt is primarily composed of high-energy electrons. These belts pose a hazard to satellites. The magnetosphere also channels solar particles towards the magnetic poles, where they collide with atoms in the upper atmosphere, causing the spectacular auroras (aurora borealis and aurora australis). During intense solar 事件, known as geomagnetic storms, the magnetosphere can be severely compressed, leading to auroras at lower latitudes and posing risks to power grids and 沟通 systems.
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