» 电极极化限制

电极极化限制

1810
演示氢气形成的伏打桩实验中的电极极化。

(generate image for illustration only)

A primary flaw of the Voltaic pile is electrode polarization. During operation, hydrogen gas produced at the copper cathode forms an insulating layer of bubbles on its surface. This layer increases the battery’s internal resistance and reduces the surface area available for reaction. As a result, the voltage and current output of the pile drop significantly shortly after it begins to be used.

极化现象是早期实验者面临的一个主要实际障碍。伏打电堆虽然能够产生电流,但电流无法长时间维持恒定。阴极氢气的积聚会物理阻碍离子从电解质流向电极表面。这不仅增加了物理电阻,还会产生反电动势,与主电池电压相反,进一步降低净输出。

This critical limitation spurred a wave of innovation aimed at creating more stable and longer-lasting batteries. The most significant breakthrough was the Daniell cell, invented by John Frederic Daniell in 1836. It solved the polarization problem by physically separating the anode and cathode compartments and using a chemical depolarizer. In the Daniell cell, the copper cathode is immersed in a copper sulfate solution. Instead of hydrogen ions being reduced, copper ions from the solution are deposited onto the cathode ([latex]Cu^{2+} + 2e^{-} \rightarrow Cu[/latex]), preventing the formation of hydrogen gas. This innovation created the first truly practical battery that could deliver a constant current over time, making technologies like the telegraph commercially viable.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2203
- 电化学

类型

物理现象

中断

实质性

使用方法

广泛使用

前体

  • 伏打电堆本身的发明
  • Humphry Davy’s use of large-scale piles, which made the effect highly noticeable
  • 早期电学实验中观察到的电流减小现象

应用

  • 发明了丹尼尔电池,其中装有化学去极化剂
  • 使用二氧化锰作为勒克朗谢电池和现代碱性电池的去极化剂
  • 燃料电池设计考虑如何管理产品移除
  • understanding of 过电位 in industrial electrochemistry

专利:

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Related to: polarization, internal resistance, depolarizer, Daniell cell, hydrogen bubbles, battery efficiency, overpotential, electrochemistry.

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