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Maison » Pompe à vis d'Archimède

Pompe à vis d'Archimède

-250
  • Archimedes of Syracuse
Archimedes' screw pump in ancient irrigation system, mechanical engineering.

(Image générée à titre d'illustration uniquement)

La vis d'Archimède est un déplacement positif pompe Il s'agit d'une pompe composée d'une surface hélicoïdale à l'intérieur d'un tube creux. En tournant, la spire aspire un volume d'eau au fond et le remonte à travers le tube. Ce système est très efficace pour déplacer de grands volumes d'eau, notamment à faible hauteur de chute, et tolère la présence de débris.

The Archimedes’ screw is one of the earliest known hydraulic machines. Its operation is based on the principle of positive displacement. The device consists of a large helical screw, known as a flight, tightly fitted within or enclosed by a cylinder. The entire assembly is positioned at an incline, with its lower end submerged in the fluid source. A power source, historically human or animal power and now typically an electric motor, rotates the screw on its central axis.

As the screw turns, the bottom edge of the helix scoops up a pocket of water. This trapped volume of water is then conveyed upwards along the spiral path as the screw continues to rotate. Each rotation moves the pocket of fluid further up the incline until it reaches the top and is discharged. The efficiency of the pump depends on the angle of inclination, the rotational speed, and the clearance between the screw and the cylinder. A tighter fit prevents leakage back down the screw, increasing efficiency, but also increases friction and wear.

One of its most significant advantages, both historically and in modern applications, is its ability to handle water containing solid waste, debris, and even delicate aquatic life without significant damage. This makes it exceptionally useful in wastewater treatment for lifting raw sewage and in drainage applications where the water is not pre-screened. Unlike high-speed centrifugal pumps, the slow, gentle action of the screw pump minimizes damage to the pumped medium.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 3313
- Ingénierie mécanique

Taper

Dispositif physique

Perturbation

Révolutionnaire

Usage

Utilisation généralisée

Précurseurs

  • understanding of the inclined plane
  • development of helical surfaces (screws)
  • basic principles of water displacement
  • metallurgy and woodworking for constructing the device

Applications

  • irrigation systems in ancient civilizations
  • modern wastewater treatment plants for lifting sewage
  • dewatering mines and construction sites
  • fish-friendly water pumping systems
  • handling granular materials like grain in agriculture
  • land drainage in low-lying areas

Brevets:

NA

Idées d'innovations potentielles

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Related to: Archimedes’ screw, positive displacement pump, water lifting, irrigation, ancient technology, fluid mechanics, screw pump, low head pump, solids handling, wastewater.

Contexte historique

Pompe à vis d'Archimède

-250
-500
1750
1788
1834
1850
1850
1850
-500
1700
1761
1807-01-01
1850
1850
1850

(si la date est inconnue ou non pertinente, par exemple « mécanique des fluides », une estimation arrondie de son émergence notable est fournie)

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