هذا نطاق الأقسام التنوع البيولوجي into three spatial scales. Alpha (α) diversity is the species richness within a single, local habitat or النظام البيئي. Beta (β) diversity measures the change or turnover in species composition between different habitats. Gamma (γ) diversity represents the total species richness over a large geographical area or landscape, encompassing both alpha and beta diversity.





