修正流体状态方程 理想气体定律 为了近似模拟真实气体的行为,它引入了两个参数:`a` 用于描述长程分子间吸引力(范德华力),`b` 用于描述…… 有限体积 被气体分子占据。方程为[latex](P + frac{an^2}{V^2})(V – nb) = nRT[/latex].

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修正流体状态方程 理想气体定律 为了近似模拟真实气体的行为,它引入了两个参数:`a` 用于描述长程分子间吸引力(范德华力),`b` 用于描述…… 有限体积 被气体分子占据。方程为[latex](P + frac{an^2}{V^2})(V – nb) = nRT[/latex].
范德瓦尔斯状态方程是热力学领域的一项突破性进展,它首次对真实气体及其凝结成液体的过程进行了较为真实的描述。该方程以理想气体定律 PV = nRT 为基础,并进行了两项关键修正。第一项修正涉及体积。在理想气体中,粒子被视为没有体积的点。范德瓦尔斯方程从容器体积 V 中减去一个项 nb,其中 nb 表示一摩尔粒子所排除的体积。该项 (V nb) 代表了分子实际可自由运动的体积。
The second, more significant correction accounts for intermolecular attractive forces. These forces reduce the pressure exerted by the gas on the container walls because molecules near the wall are pulled inwards by their neighbors. This reduction in pressure is proportional to the square of the particle density ([latex]n/V[/latex]), leading to the correction term [latex]a(n/V)^2[/latex] which is added to the measured pressure [latex]P[/latex]. The parameter ‘a’ is a measure of the average attraction between particles. By incorporating these two parameters, the equation can successfully model the liquid-gas phase transition and predict the existence of a critical point, above which no distinct liquid and gas phases exist. It was for this work that van der Waals received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1910.
范德华状态方程
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