» 光谱学

光谱学

1672
  • Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton conducting spectroscopy experiments with prisms and light in a historical laboratory.

光谱学 is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation as a function of the radiation’s wavelength or frequency. A spectroscopic instrument produces a spectrum by dispersing the radiation according to its wavelength. This spectrum reveals how the matter absorbs, emits, or scatters the radiation, providing information about the matter’s composition, structure, and physical properties.

The core idea of spectroscopy is that different materials interact with light (or any electromagnetic radiation) in unique ways. When radiation passes through a substance or is emitted by it, specific wavelengths are absorbed or emitted, creating a characteristic pattern or “spectrum”. This pattern is like a fingerprint for the atoms, molecules, or ions in the substance. The positions of the spectral lines (dark for absorption, bright for emission) correspond to the energy differences between quantum states of the material. For example, an electron in an atom can jump to a higher energy level by absorbing a photon of a specific energy, or it can fall to a lower level by emitting a photon. The energy of this photon is directly related to its frequency and wavelength. By analyzing the intensity and position of these lines, scientists can deduce the chemical composition, temperature, density, and motion of the object being studied. This principle applies across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to gamma rays, leading to a vast array of spectroscopic techniques tailored for different types of analysis.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2209
– Optics

类型

抽象系统

中断

革命

使用方法

广泛使用

前体

  • Isaac Newton’s experiments with prisms demonstrating the dispersion of white light (1672)
  • 克里斯蒂安·惠更斯发现光的波动性(1678年)
  • 原子和元素概念的发展

应用

  • 天文天体观测
  • 化学分析
  • 医疗诊断
  • 材料科学
  • 环境监测

专利:

NA

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Related to: spectroscopy, electromagnetic radiation, spectrum, wavelength, absorption, emission, chemical analysis, matter-light interaction, quantum states, frequency.

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