有理数是指任何能表示为分数或商[latex]p/q[/latex]的数,其中[latex]p[/latex]是整数,[latex]q[/latex]是非零整数。 所有有理数的集合记作\mathbb{Q}。这一基础概念将整数体系扩展至包含分数,从而能够表示整体的若干部分。.

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有理数是指任何能表示为分数或商[latex]p/q[/latex]的数,其中[latex]p[/latex]是整数,[latex]q[/latex]是非零整数。 所有有理数的集合记作\mathbb{Q}。这一基础概念将整数体系扩展至包含分数,从而能够表示整体的若干部分。.
The concept of a rational number arises from the need to measure quantities that are not whole multiples of a unit. In mathematics, it formalizes the idea of a ratio between two integers. A rational number is formally defined as an equivalence class of ordered pairs of integers [latex](p, q)[/latex] with [latex]q \neq 0[/latex]. The equivalence relation is defined as [latex](p_1, q_1) \sim (p_2, q_2)[/latex] if and only if [latex]p_1 q_2 = p_2 q_1[/latex]. This means, for example, that the fractions 1/2, 2/4, and -3/-6 all represent the same rational number.
Every integer is a rational number, since any integer [latex]n[/latex] can be written as the fraction [latex]n/1[/latex]. The set of rational numbers, denoted by [latex]\mathbb{Q}[/latex] (for ‘quotient’), is therefore a superset of the integers [latex]\mathbb{Z}[/latex]. Unlike integers, rational numbers are not uniquely represented; each rational number has infinitely many fractional forms. The form where [latex]p[/latex] and [latex]q[/latex] are coprime (have no common divisors other than 1) and [latex]q > 0[/latex] is called the canonical or lowest terms representation.
这一概念的发展并非一蹴而就。古埃及人使用单位分数系统,但希腊人,尤其是毕达哥拉斯学派,是最早系统研究整数比的民族之一。无理数的发现,例如无法用这种比值表示的2的平方根,动摇了他们的世界观。这一发现凸显了有理数和无理数之间的区别,而这正是数论的基石。
有理数
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