这些关系是非平衡热力学中的一个关键定理,它们表达了能量和物质耦合流之间某些交叉系数的相等性。它们指出,在没有磁场的情况下,输运系数矩阵是对称的:[latex]L_{alphabeta} = L_{betaalpha}[/latex]。这使得看似无关的输运现象联系起来,例如: 塞贝克 和 佩尔蒂埃 热电效应。

(图片仅供参考)
这些关系是非平衡热力学中的一个关键定理,它们表达了能量和物质耦合流之间某些交叉系数的相等性。它们指出,在没有磁场的情况下,输运系数矩阵是对称的:[latex]L_{alphabeta} = L_{betaalpha}[/latex]。这使得看似无关的输运现象联系起来,例如: 塞贝克 和 佩尔蒂埃 热电效应。
The Onsager reciprocal relations extend classical thermodynamics, which primarily deals with systems in equilibrium, to systems that are near equilibrium but experiencing irreversible processes. These processes are described by a set of linear equations relating thermodynamic ‘fluxes’ (like heat flow, electric current, or mass diffusion) to thermodynamic ‘forces’ (like temperature gradient, electric potential gradient, or chemical potential gradient). For example, a heat flux ([latex]J_q[/latex]) can be caused by a temperature gradient ([latex]X_q[/latex]) and an electric potential gradient ([latex]X_e[/latex]), so [latex]J_q = L_{qq}X_q + L_{qe}X_e[/latex].
The novelty of Onsager’s work, for which he won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, was to prove that the cross-coefficient linking the electrical force to heat flow ([latex]L_{qe}[/latex]) is equal to the coefficient linking the thermal force to electric current ([latex]L_{eq}[/latex]). This symmetry is not obvious from macroscopic observation but arises from the principle of microscopic reversibility—the idea that the equations of motion for individual particles are symmetric with respect to time reversal. These relations dramatically simplified the study of complex transport phenomena by reducing the number of independent coefficients that need to be measured experimentally.
Onsager 互惠关系
(如果日期未知或不相关,例如“流体力学”,则提供其显著出现的近似估计)
只有注册会员才能免费获得 100% 的全尺寸图片和下载。.
> 登录 <