汉诺威原则

The 1.5 sigma shift is an empirical correction used in Six Sigma calculations to account for the long-term dynamic variation of a process. It posits that over time, a process mean will tend to drift by about 1.5 standard deviations from its short-term centered position. This shift is the reason a 6 sigma process corresponds to 3.4 DPMO, not the theoretical 2 defects per billion.

The NIOSH lifting equation is a tool used by occupational health and safety professionals to assess the risk of musculoskeletal injury associated with manual lifting tasks. It calculates a Recommended Weight Limit (RWL) for a specific task, representing the maximum weight a healthy worker could lift without increased risk of low back injury, considering factors like task geometry and frequency.

粘合剂喷射是一种增材制造工艺，利用喷墨式打印头将液体粘合剂选择性地沉积到粉末床上。打印头在一层粉末上移动，沉积粘合剂液滴，将颗粒粘合在一起。然后，构建平台下降，铺开一层新的粉末，并逐层重复该过程。

可持续发展的三大支柱，又称“三重底线”，是一个框架，它认为真正的可持续发展需要平衡三个主要维度：环境、社会和经济。环境可持续性侧重于保护自然资源和生态系统。社会可持续性关注公平、社区福祉和人权。经济可持续性则确保长期的财务可行性，同时不损害其他两大支柱。

功能单元是生命周期评价 (LCA) 中的一个关键概念，它定义了产品系统的量化性能，并用作参考单元。它确保不同系统之间的比较在公平和等效的基础上进行。例如，在比较油漆时，功能单元可能是“保护 1 平方米的墙壁 10 年”。

可拆卸设计 (DfD) 是一种设计策略，旨在实现产品报废后轻松且经济高效地分离其组件和材料。DfD 优先考虑非破坏性分离，从而促进维修、再利用、再制造和高纯度回收。其关键技术包括使用机械紧固件而非粘合剂、模块化结构以及清晰的材料标签，以最大限度地提高价值回收。

Six Sigma is a quality management methodology aiming for near-perfection. A process operating at a "six sigma" level has a yield of 99.9997%, meaning it produces only 3.4 Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO). This standard corresponds to a process where the nearest specification limit is six standard deviations away from the process mean, accounting for a 1.5 sigma shift in the mean over time (refer to the specific details on the debated 1.5 sigma shift as an empirical observation).

Rapid prototyping is a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scale model of a physical part or assembly using three-dimensional computer-aided design (CAD) data. In iterative design, it allows for fast creation of tangible models for user testing and stakeholder feedback, enabling quick design refinements before committing to expensive tooling and manufacturing processes.

环境设计 (DfE)，也称为生态设计，是一种积极主动的产品和工艺开发方法，旨在最大限度地减少整个产品生命周期对环境和人类健康的影响。它将环境因素与成本和性能等传统因素一起融入到最初的设计阶段，以从一开始就防止污染并节约资源。

The European standard EN 2, 'Classification of fires', harmonizes fire classes across member nations. It defines five classes: A (solids), B (liquids), C (gases), D (metals), and F (cooking oils). A key distinction from the US system is that Class C is specifically for flammable gases, and there is no dedicated class for electrical fires; instead, the burning material is classified.

病毒式营销是指任何鼓励个人将营销信息传递给他人，从而实现信息曝光度和影响力指数级增长的营销策略。如同病毒一样，此类策略利用快速繁殖的优势，在人与人之间快速传播信息。它是一种口口相传的形式，通常借助互联网进行传播。

碳纳米管场效应晶体管 (CNTFET) 使用单个碳纳米管 (CNT) 或 CNT 阵列作为沟道材料，而非块体硅。根据其手性（石墨烯晶格的排列方式），CNT 可以是金属性的，也可以是半导体性的，这使得它成为一种用途广泛的纳米电子器件构建基块，具有卓越的性能潜力。