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» 齐克隆B

齐克隆B

1922
  • Fritz Haber
  • Walter Heerdt
  • Bruno Tesch
  • Gerhard Peters
用氰化氢和硅藻土制备齐克隆 B 的虚构实验室场景。.

(图片仅供参考)

齐克隆 B 是一种氰化物杀虫剂的商品名。其有效成分是氰化氢([latex]HCN[/latex]),一种极易挥发的毒药。液态 HCN 被吸附在硅藻土或木浆盘等多孔固体载体上。为防止聚合,还添加了稳定剂,为了安全起见,通常还会加入一种对眼睛有刺激作用的警示剂(大屠杀版本特意从商业版本中去除)。.

尽管它在某些方面也发挥了杀虫剂的作用,但它最终只会因二战期间德国纳粹在毒气室中用这种毒气杀害超过 110 万人而永远被人们铭记。

Zyklon B’s formulation was an “innovation” in the handling of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), also known as prussic acid. HCN is a liquid with a low boiling point of 26 °C (79 °F), making it extremely volatile and dangerous to transport and apply directly. The key technical challenge was to create a stable, safe-to-handle product that could release the gaseous poison in a controlled manner. The solution, developed at Fritz Haber’s institute in the early 1920s, was to use a principle of adsorption. Liquid HCN was sealed in canisters containing a porous and inert carrier material. Diatomaceous earth, a naturally occurring, soft, siliceous sedimentary rock, was a common choice, as were gypsum pellets or wood pulp discs. This carrier acted like a sponge, holding the HCN. A stabilizer was also added to prevent the HCN from polymerizing, which could lead to an explosive reaction. Additionally, a warning odorant, typically a lachrymatory agent (tear gas) like methyl chloroacetate or chloropicrin, was included. When the canister was opened and the contents exposed to air, the HCN would evaporate from the carrier, with the rate of release dependent on the ambient temperature. A temperature above 26 °C was required for “efficient” release. This formulation turned a highly hazardous liquid into a manageable solid product for fumigation.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 3305
– 化学技术与工程

类型

化学过程

中断

递增

用法

过时

前体

  • 1782年,卡尔·威廉·舍勒发现了氰化氢。
  • 开发工业规模的氰化氢合成方法(例如,Andrussow 工艺)
  • 弗里茨·哈伯在第一次世界大战期间从事化学战研究,包括氯气
  • 对多孔材料吸附原理的理解
  • 19世纪后期氰化物化合物作为杀虫剂的使用

应用程序

  • 船舶和建筑物熏蒸
  • 用除虱剂处理衣物以控制斑疹伤寒
  • 农业害虫防治
  • 臭名昭著地在纳粹大屠杀期间被用作德国毒气室的化学武器(详见详情)

专利:

  • DE 438818

潜在创新理念

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相关词条:氰化氢、齐克隆B、杀虫剂、熏蒸、吸附、硅藻土、弗里茨·哈伯、氰化氢、化学配方、催泪剂。.

历史背景

齐克隆B

1920
1920
1920
1922
1925-01-01
1930
1930
1920
1920
1920
1922
1924
1927
1930
1930

(如果日期未知或不相关,例如“流体力学”,则提供其显著出现的近似估计)

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