In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity while studying the resistance of solid mercury at 極低温 temperatures. He observed that the electrical resistance of mercury abruptly dropped to zero at a critical temperature ([latex]T_c[/latex]) of 4.2 K. This phenomenon, termed superconductivity, represents a state of matter with exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields.





