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First Law of Thermodynamics

1850
  • Julius Robert von Mayer
  • James Prescott Joule
  • Hermann von Helmholtz
  • Rudolf Clausius
Laboratory experiment demonstrating the First Law of Thermodynamics with a heat engine setup.

(यह छवि केवल उदाहरण के लिए बनाई गई है)

The First Law is a statement of the ऊर्जा संरक्षण. It posits that the change in a closed system’s internal energy ([latex]\Delta U[/latex]) is equal to the heat supplied to the system ([latex]Q[/latex]) minus the work done by the system on its surroundings ([latex]W[/latex]). The governing equation is [latex]\Delta U = Q – W[/latex]. This law links heat, work, and internal energy, establishing heat as a form of energy transfer.

The First Law of Thermodynamics generalized the principle of conservation of energy, which was previously known in mechanics, to include heat. Its formulation was a major step in physics, as it definitively refuted the prevailing caloric theory, which considered heat a weightless fluid. Experiments by James Joule in the 1840s, which demonstrated the mechanical equivalent of heat, were crucial in establishing that heat and work are mutually convertible.

The law introduces internal energy ([latex]U[/latex]) as a state function, meaning its value depends only on the current state of the system, not on how it got there. In contrast, heat ([latex]Q[/latex]) and work ([latex]W[/latex]) are path-dependent process quantities. The law’s differential form is [latex]dU = \delta Q – \delta W[/latex]. For a cyclic process, where the system returns to its initial state, the change in internal energy is zero ([latex]\Delta U = 0[/latex]), so the net heat supplied equals the net work done. This principle is the basis for all heat engines. The law also implies the impossibility of a perpetual motion machine of the first kind—a machine that produces work without any energy input.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2212
ऊष्मागतिकी, सांख्यिकीय भौतिकी और संघनित पदार्थ

Type

सार प्रणाली

व्यवधान

क्रांतिकारी

उपयोग

व्यापक उपयोग

शगुन

  • Sadi Carnot’s analysis of heat engines and thermodynamic cycles
  • James Joule’s experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat
  • rejection of the caloric theory of heat
  • principle of conservation of energy in mechanics as formulated by Leibniz and others

आवेदन

  • heat engines (internal combustion, steam turbines)
  • refrigerators, air conditioners, and heat pumps
  • chemical reaction analysis (enthalpy calculations)
  • power plant design and efficiency analysis
  • nutritional calorimetry for calculating food energy (calories)

पेटेंट:

NA

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Related to: first law, conservation of energy, internal energy, heat, work, thermodynamics, enthalpy, closed system, state function, perpetual motion.

ऐतिहासिक संदर्भ

First Law of Thermodynamics

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(यदि तिथि अज्ञात है या प्रासंगिक नहीं है, उदाहरण के लिए "द्रव यांत्रिकी", तो इसके उल्लेखनीय उद्भव का एक अनुमानित आंकड़ा प्रदान किया गया है)

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