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The three pillars of sustainability, also known as the triple bottom line, is a framework that posits true sustainability requires balancing three main dimensions: environmental, social, and economic. Environmental sustainability focuses on preserving natural resources and ecosystems. Social sustainability addresses equity, community well-being, and human rights. Economic sustainability ensures long-term financial viability without compromising the…
Une philosophie de conception et un processus itératif où les besoins, les souhaits et les limites des utilisateurs finaux sont pris en compte à chaque étape du processus. L'UCD vise à créer des produits hautement utilisables et accessibles en impliquant les utilisateurs tout au long du cycle de conception par la recherche, les tests et les retours d'expérience, plutôt qu'en se basant uniquement sur les hypothèses des concepteurs.
Cradle-to-Cradle (C2C) is a design philosophy that models human industry on nature’s processes. It views materials as “nutrients” circulating in closed-loop systems. The framework distinguishes between two cycles: the biological cycle, for biodegradable materials that can safely return to the soil, and the technical cycle, for materials that are continuously reused or upcycled in industrial…
Bézout’s theorem is a fundamental statement in intersection theory. It asserts that the number of intersection points of two plane algebraic curves of degrees m[/latex] and n[/latex] is exactly mn[/latex], provided that one works in a projective plane over an algebraically closed field, counts points with multiplicity, and includes points at infinity where parallel asymptotes…
A topological space is an ordered pair (X, tau)[/latex], where X[/latex] is a set and tau[/latex] is a collection of subsets of X[/latex], called open sets, satisfying three axioms: 1) The empty set emptyset[/latex] and X[/latex] itself are in tau[/latex]. 2) The union of any number of sets in tau[/latex] is also in tau[/latex]. 3)…
For a Newtonian fluid, viscosity is a function of temperature and pressure but not shear rate. In liquids, viscosity decreases significantly as temperature increases because higher thermal energy allows molecules to overcome cohesive intermolecular forces more easily. Conversely, in gases, viscosity increases with temperature as more frequent molecular collisions at higher speeds lead to greater…
A set of three physical laws forming the basis of classical mechanics. The first law (inertia) states an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a net external force. The second law quantifies force as mass times acceleration, vec{F} = mvec{a}[/latex]. The third law states that for every action, there…
The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a powerful numerical technique for solving complex engineering and physics problems described by partial differential equations. It works by discretizing a continuous domain into a set of smaller, simpler subdomains called ‘finite elements’. This allows for the approximate numerical solution of problems in structural analysis, heat transfer, fluid flow,…
The Mach number (M) is a dimensionless quantity representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of sound: M = v/a[/latex], where v is the flow velocity and a is the speed of sound. It is the primary indicator of compressibility effects. As Mach number approaches and exceeds 1, the…
Bernoulli’s principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in a fluid’s speed occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in its potential energy. It is a statement of the conservation of energy for a moving fluid, commonly expressed as p + frac{1}{2}rho v^2 + rho gh = text{constant}[/latex] along a…
