For alternating current (AC) circuits, Ohm’s law is generalized using complex numbers to [latex]\mathbf{V} = \mathbf{I} \mathbf{Z}[/latex]. Here, [latex]\mathbf{V}[/latex] and [latex]\mathbf{I}[/latex] are complex phasors representing the sinusoidally varying voltage and current, capturing both magnitude and phase. [latex]\mathbf{Z}[/latex] is the complex impedance, which extends the concept of resistance to include the effects of capacitors and inductors.
