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Tying is the practice of making the sale of one good (the tying good) conditional on the purchase of a second, distinct good (the tied good). This leverages market power from the tying product’s market to the tied product’s market, potentially foreclosing competition. Bundling is the related practice of offering several products for sale as one combined product.
竞争法严格审查搭售安排，因为此类安排会限制消费者的选择，并扼杀被搭售商品市场的创新。搭售行为若要被视为反竞争，通常必须满足以下几个条件：1) 搭售商品和被搭售商品必须是两种独立的产品。2) 卖方在搭售商品市场必须拥有足够的经济实力，以迫使消费者购买被搭售商品。3) 搭售安排必须对被搭售商品市场的商业活动产生重大影响。
While often viewed negatively, not all tying or bundling is illegal or harmful. Bundling can be pro-competitive by offering consumers convenience and cost savings, such as a ‘value meal’ at a fast-food restaurant or a 软件 suite. Courts often apply a ‘rule of reason’ to evaluate the practice, weighing its anti-competitive effects against its potential business justifications and consumer benefits. However, some forms, particularly those by a monopolist, may be deemed illegal ‘per se’. The landmark case of United States v. Microsoft Corp. famously centered on allegations that Microsoft illegally tied its Internet Explorer web browser to its dominant Windows operating system to crush competition from other browsers like Netscape Navigator.
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