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固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)

1940
  • Emil Baur
  • H. Preis
固体氧化物燃料电池系统在工业能源技术中的应用。

(图片仅供参考)

固体氧化物 燃料电池 (SOFC) employs a solid, non-porous ceramic, typically yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), as its electrolyte. SOFCs operate at very high temperatures, ranging from 500 to 1,000 °C. This high temperature allows for fuel flexibility, enabling the direct use of hydrocarbons like natural gas, and eliminates the need for expensive platinum-group metal 催化剂.

In an SOFC, the charge carrier through the electrolyte is the oxide ion ([latex]O^{2-}[/latex]). At the cathode, oxygen molecules from the air are reduced by incoming electrons from the external circuit to form oxide ions: [latex]O_2 + 4e^- \rightarrow 2O^{2-}[/latex]. These oxide ions are then transported through the dense ceramic electrolyte to the anode. At the anode, the oxide ions oxidize the fuel. For 氢燃料该反应为[latex]H_2 + O^{2-} rightarrow H_2O + 2e^-[/latex]。释放出的电子通过外部电路到达阴极,从而完成电路并产生电流。

The high operating temperature is both an advantage and a challenge. It facilitates rapid reaction kinetics without precious metal 催化剂 and allows for internal reforming of hydrocarbon fuels directly at the anode, simplifying system design. The high-quality exhaust heat can be captured for cogeneration (CHP), leading to overall system efficiencies exceeding 80%. However, the high temperatures also create significant material science challenges, requiring robust ceramics and interconnects that can withstand thermal cycling and prevent degradation. This also results in long start-up times, making SOFCs more suitable for continuous power generation rather than applications requiring frequent on-off cycles.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 3305
能源技术

类型

Physical Device

中断

重大的

用法

Niche/Specialized

前体

  • invention of the Nernst 瓦尔特·能斯特于 1897 年发明了一种使用固体陶瓷电解质(YSZ)的灯。
  • basic fuel cell principle discovered by William Grove (1838)
  • 陶瓷科学和高温材料领域的进展

应用程序

  • 工业和商业建筑的大型固定式发电
  • 利用高质量废热的联合热电联产(CHP)系统
  • 辅助动力装置(APU),例如用于长途卡车的车辆
  • 电网支持和分布式发电
  • 军事和远程电源应用

专利:

NA

潜在创新理念

  • 金属支撑的软光纤电容器可提高机械强度并加快启动速度
  • 采用替代陶瓷电解质的低温固态光纤电容器(IT-SOFC),工作温度为400-600℃。
  • reversible sofcs (rsofcs) that can operate in both fuel cell and 电解 modes for energy storage
  • 采用改进密封设计的烟囱可防止高温下气体泄漏
  • infiltrated nanoparticle catalysts to enhance performance and reduce material costs
  • 用于复杂、优化几何形状的3D打印陶瓷部件
  • 直接处理厌氧消化器沼气的固体氧化物燃料电池系统
  • 适用于公用事业规模的混合式固体氧化物燃料电池-燃气轮机发电厂,效率更高
  • 用于离网和军事应用的便携式固态燃料电池装置
  • 直接碳燃料电池(DCFC)是固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)的一种变体,它消耗固体碳燃料。
相关术语:固体氧化物燃料电池 (SOFC)、固体氧化物、陶瓷电解质、氧化钇稳定氧化锆 (YSZ)、高温、燃料灵活性、热电联产 (CHP)、固定式发电、内部重整。

历史背景

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)

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1945-01-01
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(如果日期未知或不相关,例如“流体力学”,则提供其显著出现的近似估计)

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