Permaculture Systems

Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) is an in-situ physical remediation technology used for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and some semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in unsaturated soil (the vadose zone). The process involves applying a vacuum to the soil through extraction wells, which creates a pressure gradient that induces gas-phase contaminants to move through the soil and be collected for treatment.

وهوية كايا هي معادلة رياضية تنص على أنه يمكن التعبير عن مستوى الانبعاثات الكلية لثاني أكسيد الكربون كحاصل ضرب أربعة عوامل: عدد السكان، والناتج المحلي الإجمالي للفرد الواحد، وكثافة الطاقة (الطاقة لكل وحدة من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي)، وكثافة الكربون (الانبعاثات لكل وحدة من الطاقة). المعادلة هي [latex]F = P \times \frac{G}{P} \times \times \frac{E}{G} \times \times \frac{F}{E}[/latex]، حيث F هي انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون، وP هو عدد السكان، وG هو الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، وE هو استهلاك الطاقة.

Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants, or their enzymes to return a contaminated environment to its original condition. It can be employed to attack specific soil contaminants, such as chlorinated pesticides, or to treat a wider range of pollutants. Bioremediation can occur naturally (natural attenuation) or be spurred on by adding fertilizers (biostimulation) or specific microorganisms (bioaugmentation).

Phytoremediation is a bioremediation process that uses various types of plants to remove, transfer, stabilize, or destroy contaminants in soil and groundwater. This low-cost, solar energy-driven technique is effective for cleaning up sites with low to moderate levels of contamination. Different mechanisms are involved, including phytoextraction (uptake into harvestable plant tissues), phytodegradation (breakdown of contaminants), and phytostabilization (reducing mobility).

In-Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) is an aggressive remediation technology that involves injecting strong chemical oxidants directly into the contaminated subsurface to destroy pollutants. Common oxidants include permanganate, persulfate, hydrogen peroxide (Fenton's reagent), and ozone. These chemicals react with contaminants, converting them into less toxic substances like carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic salts, without requiring excavation of the contaminated material.

The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol categorizes greenhouse gas emissions into three scopes. Scope 1 covers direct emissions from owned or controlled sources. Scope 2 includes indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating, and cooling. Scope 3 encompasses all other indirect emissions that occur in a company's value chain, both upstream and downstream, such as purchased goods, business travel, and product use.