这 Internet protocol suite’s architecture is a conceptual model that divides 沟通 functions into four abstraction layers: the Link Layer, the Internet Layer, the Transport Layer, and the Application Layer. This layered approach simplifies protocol design and development, as each layer handles specific tasks and interacts only with the layers immediately above and below it.
The TCP/IP model, also known as the DoD model, was developed in the 1970s for the ARPANET. Unlike the more formal seven-layer OSI model, the TCP/IP model is a descriptive model based on the actual protocols that defined the early Internet. The Link Layer (Layer 1) is responsible for transmitting data between devices on the same local network. The Internet Layer (Layer 2) handles addressing and routing of packets across different networks, with the Internet Protocol (IP) being the core protocol. The Transport Layer (Layer 3) provides host-to-host communication services for applications, with TCP offering reliable, connection-oriented service and UDP providing a simpler, connectionless datagram service. Finally, the Application Layer (Layer 4) contains protocols that applications use to exchange data, such as HTTP for web browsing or SMTP for email. This modularity allows for independent development and evolution of protocols at each layer, a key factor in the Internet’s scalability and success.
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