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压力和应变

1820

Engineering stress ([latex]\sigma[/latex]) is the applied load divided by the original cross-sectional area ([latex]A_0[/latex]), while engineering strain ([latex]\epsilon[/latex]) is the change in length ([latex]\Delta L[/latex]) divided by the original length ([latex]L_0[/latex]). These definitions, [latex]\sigma = \frac{F}{A_0}[/latex] and [latex]\epsilon = \frac{\Delta L}{L_0}[/latex], are fundamental for plotting stress-strain curves but assume the specimen’s dimensions remain constant during the test.

Engineering stress and strain are foundational concepts in materials science and mechanics, providing a simplified yet powerful way to characterize a material’s response to external forces. The assumption that the cross-sectional area remains constant ([latex]A_0[/latex]) is valid for small deformations, particularly within the elastic region. However, as a material undergoes significant plastic deformation, its cross-sectional area changes—a phenomenon known as necking in tensile tests. This change means engineering stress no longer represents the true stress experienced by the material at its narrowest point. Similarly, engineering strain is based on the original length, which can be less accurate for large deformations compared to an instantaneous strain measure.

Despite these limitations, the engineering stress-strain curve is widely used in industry and academia. Its key features, such as the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength (UTS), are standard parameters for material specification and design. The curve is relatively easy to generate from a standard tensile test, where a specimen is pulled apart at a constant rate while force and elongation are measured. The initial linear portion of this curve is particularly important as it defines the material’s elastic behavior, governed by Hooke’s Law.

工程, 材料科学, 机械性能, 机械, 质量控制, 应力腐蚀, 结构工程, 拉伸测试

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2211

– Solid state physics

类型

抽象系统

中断

基础

使用方法

广泛使用

前体

Galileo Galilei’s studies on the strength of materials (17th century)
Robert Hooke’s law of elasticity (1678)
Thomas Young’s definition of the modulus of elasticity (1807)
柯西对应力概念的发展（19 世纪初）

应用

建筑物和桥梁的结构分析
齿轮和轴等机械部件的设计
制造业的质量控制
各种工程应用的材料选择

专利：

潜在的创新想法

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Related to: engineering stress, engineering strain, tensile test, material properties, mechanics of materials, deformation, load, cross-sectional area, elongation, solid mechanics.