» 完美气体中的声速

完美气体中的声速

1816
  • Pierre-Simon Laplace
Experimental setup for measuring speed of sound in a perfect gas in acoustics.

The speed of sound ([latex]c[/latex]) in a perfect gas is determined by its 热力学 properties, not its 压力 or density alone. The formula is [latex]c = \sqrt{\gamma R_s T}[/latex], where [latex]\gamma[/latex] is the heat capacity ratio ([latex]c_p/c_v[/latex]), [latex]R_s[/latex] is the specific gas constant, and [latex]T[/latex] is the absolute temperature. Thus, sound travels faster in hotter gas.

The propagation of sound is a mechanical wave that travels through a medium by causing adiabatic (i.e., no heat transfer) compressions and rarefactions. Isaac Newton first attempted to calculate the speed of sound assuming an isothermal process, which yielded an incorrect result. Pierre-Simon Laplace corrected this by recognizing that the compressions and rarefactions happen so quickly that there is no time for significant heat exchange with the surroundings, making the process adiabatic.

For a perfect gas undergoing an adiabatic process, the relationship between pressure and density is [latex]P \propto \rho^\gamma[/latex]. The speed of sound is generally given by [latex]c = \sqrt{(\partial P / \partial \rho)_S}[/latex], where the derivative is taken at constant entropy (adiabatically). Applying this to the perfect gas model yields [latex]c = \sqrt{\gamma P / \rho}[/latex]. By substituting the perfect gas law in the form [latex]P = \rho R_s T[/latex], we arrive at the more common form [latex]c = \sqrt{\gamma R_s T}[/latex]. This equation reveals the crucial insight that the speed of sound in a gas depends only on its composition (which determines [latex]\gamma[/latex] and [latex]R_s[/latex]) and its absolute temperature.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2201
– Acoustics

类型

物理法

中断

实质性

使用方法

广泛使用

前体

  • Newton’s formula for the speed of sound (isothermal assumption)
  • 绝热过程的概念
  • ideal gas law
  • 热容比的定义
  • 波动理论

应用

  • aerodynamics and aerospace engineering (calculating mach number)
  • 超音速飞机和火箭的设计
  • 声学与噪声控制工程
  • 利用超声波对材料进行无损检测
  • 用于分析大气现象的气象学

专利:

NA

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Related to: speed of sound, acoustics, perfect gas, Laplace, adiabatic process, heat capacity ratio, mach number, aerodynamics, gas dynamics, compressibility.

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