Pascal’s law, or the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure, states that a 压力 change at any point in a confined, incompressible fluid is transmitted undiminished to all points throughout the fluid. This principle is a cornerstone of fluid 力学 and is mathematically expressed by the force multiplication factor in hydraulic systems: [latex]\frac{F_2}{A_2} = \frac{F_1}{A_1}[/latex].
Pascal’s Law
1650
- Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal discovered this principle in the mid-17th century during his experiments with fluids. The law is a direct consequence of the fact that pressure in a fluid at rest at a given depth is independent of direction, and for an incompressible fluid, density is constant. The novelty of Pascal’s law was its application to force multiplication. By applying a small force ([latex]F_1[/latex]) to a small area ([latex]A_1[/latex]), a much larger force ([latex]F_2[/latex]) can be generated at a larger area ([latex]A_2[/latex]), as the pressure ([latex]p = F/A[/latex]) must be equal throughout the system. This allows for the creation of powerful machines that can lift immense weights or apply tremendous force with minimal effort. For example, in a hydraulic car lift, a mechanic can push a pedal connected to a small piston, and the transmitted pressure acts on a much larger piston under the car, lifting it easily. While the force is multiplied, the work done remains the same (ignoring friction), as the smaller piston must travel a much greater distance than the larger one, conserving energy. This principle is fundamental to the field of hydraulics, which uses pressurized liquids (typically oil) to power machinery. The fluid must be incompressible for the law to hold true in its simplest form. While no fluid is perfectly incompressible, liquids like oil are close enough for most practical applications, making hydraulic systems highly efficient and reliable.
UNESCO Nomenclature: 2209
- 机械
类型
抽象系统
中断
革命
使用方法
广泛使用
前体
- Simon Stevin’s work on hydrostatics
- Evangelista Torricelli’s experiments with mercury barometers
- Basic understanding of fluids and forces from ancient Greek philosophers
应用
- hydraulic lifts and jacks
- hydraulic brakes in vehicles
- hydraulic presses for manufacturing
- power steering systems
- heavy construction equipment like excavators
专利：
NA
潜在的创新想法
Related to: Pascal’s law, fluid mechanics, hydraulics, incompressible fluid, pressure transmission, force multiplication, blaise pascal, hydraulic lift, hydraulic brakes, fluid pressure.
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