理想气体定律（统计形式）

While the molar form of the ideal gas law ([latex]PV = nRT[/latex]) is convenient for chemistry and macroscopic thermodynamics, the statistical form ([latex]PV = Nk_BT[/latex]) provides a direct link to the microscopic world of atoms and molecules. In this equation, [latex]N[/latex] is the total number of particles (atoms or molecules) in the gas, and [latex]k_B[/latex] is the Boltzmann constant, a fundamental constant in physics named after Ludwig Boltzmann. The Boltzmann constant acts as a bridge between the macroscopic energy scale (related to temperature [latex]T[/latex]) and the microscopic energy scale of individual particles. Its value is approximately [latex]1.38 \times 10^{-23}[/latex] J/K.

This form of the law arises directly from the principles of statistical mechanics and the kinetic theory of gases. It highlights that the macroscopic pressure of a gas is a direct consequence of the collective motion of its constituent particles. The two forms of the ideal gas law are equivalent, connected by the relationship between the universal gas constant ([latex]R[/latex]), the Boltzmann constant ([latex]k_B[/latex]), and Avogadro’s number ([latex]N_A[/latex]), which is the number of particles per mole: [latex]R = N_A k_B[/latex]. The statistical form is preferred in fields like condensed matter physics, plasma physics, and astrophysics, where it is more natural to consider the number of individual particles rather than the number of moles.