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» 量子運動量演算子

量子運動量演算子

1926
  • Erwin Schrödinger
  • Werner Heisenberg
  • Paul Dirac
物理学者が運動量演算子を分析する量子力学実験室。.

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In quantum 力学, momentum is an observable represented by a vector operator. In the position basis, the momentum operator is given by [latex]\hat{\vec{p}} = -i\hbar\nabla[/latex], where [latex]\hbar[/latex] is the reduced プランク定数 and [latex]\nabla[/latex] is the gradient operator. The 運動量保存の法則 corresponds to the fact that the ハミルトニアン operator commutes with the momentum operator, [latex][hat{H}, hat{vec{p}}] = 0[/latex], for a system with translational symmetry.

Quantum mechanics replaces classical observables with Hermitian operators acting on a Hilbert space of states. The momentum of a particle is no longer a simple number but an operator, [latex]\hat{\vec{p}}[/latex]. Its eigenvalues represent the possible outcomes of a momentum measurement. The famous expression [latex]\hat{\vec{p}} = -i\hbar\nabla[/latex] arises from the canonical commutation relation between the position operator [latex]\hat{\vec{x}}[/latex] and the momentum operator, [latex][\hat{x}_j, \hat{p}_k] = i\hbar\delta_{jk}[/latex], which is a fundamental postulate of quantum theory and the mathematical basis for the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

The time evolution of the expectation value of an operator is governed by the Ehrenfest theorem. For momentum, it shows that the expectation value of momentum changes according to the expectation value of the force, mirroring Newton’s second law. A quantity is conserved if its operator commutes with the Hamiltonian [latex]hat{H}[/latex], the operator for total energy. If a system’s potential energy is independent of position (i.e., the system has translational symmetry), then [latex][hat{H}, hat{vec{p}}] = 0[/latex], and the expectation value of momentum is conserved. This re-establishes the connection between translational symmetry and momentum conservation, as seen via Noether’s theorem, within the quantum framework.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2212
– Quantum physics

タイプ

抽象システム

混乱

革命的

使用法

広く普及している

前駆物質

  • Louis de Broglie’s wave-particle duality hypothesis
  • Planck’s quantum hypothesis
  • Classical Hamiltonian mechanics
  • Noether’s theorem on symmetry and conservation

アプリケーション

  • quantum computing
  • scanning tunneling microscopy
  • semiconductor physics
  • particle physics (feynman diagrams)
  • quantum chemistry (molecular orbitals)

特許:

NA

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Related to: momentum operator, quantum mechanics, Schrödinger equation, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, commutation relation, Hamiltonian, observable, translational symmetry, Ehrenfest theorem, quantum state.

歴史的背景

量子運動量演算子

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1924
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1926
1927
1927
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1930

(日付が不明または関連性がない場合、例えば「流体力学」などでは、その注目すべき出現時期の概算値が提示されます。)

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