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Customer-to-customer (C2C) is a business model where consumers trade directly with each other, typically facilitated by a third-party online platform. This model contrasts with business-to-consumer
The C2C model has two primary implementations: online marketplaces and classifieds. Marketplaces, like eBay, are highly integrated, providing payment processing, structured listings, and reputation systems.
Digital trust and reputation systems are critical mechanisms that facilitate cooperation between strangers in online P2P platforms. They quantify and display the past behavior of
B2B business models are often categorized as either vertical or horizontal. A vertical B2B model focuses on a single industry or ‘vertical,’ providing specialized products
The repeatability limit, [latex]r[/latex], is a critical value derived from the repeatability standard deviation ([latex]s_r[/latex]). It represents the maximum expected absolute difference between two single
The ISO 5725 standard defines accuracy as the combination of trueness and precision. Trueness is the closeness of the mean of a large series of
ISO 14644-1 classifies cleanroom air cleanliness by the maximum allowable concentration of airborne particles. The classification, from ISO 1 to ISO 9, is determined by
For a system of components in series, where any single failure causes system failure, the overall failure rate is the sum of individual rates. The
High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) and Ultra-Low Particulate Air (ULPA) filters are critical cleanroom components. A HEPA filter must remove at least 99.97% of airborne particles
Cradle-to-Cradle (C2C) is a design philosophy that models human industry on nature’s processes. It views materials as “nutrients” circulating in closed-loop systems. The framework distinguishes
