TCP is a core protocol of the Transport Layer, providing reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of bytes between applications running on hosts. It is a connection-oriented protocol, meaning it establishes a connection via a three-way handshake before data transfer begins. This ensures data integrity at the cost of higher overhead compared to UDP.
TCP’s reliability is achieved through several mechanisms. It uses sequence numbers to track segments and reorder them if they arrive out of sequence. It requires acknowledgments (ACKs) from the receiver for data segments; if an ACK is not received within a certain time, the segment is retransmitted. A checksum field is used to detect data corruption within segments. Flow control is managed using a sliding window mechanism, where the receiver advertises how much data it can buffer, preventing the sender from overwhelming it. Furthermore, TCP incorporates sophisticated congestion control algorithms (e.g., slow start, congestion avoidance) to prevent the network from being overloaded. The initial connection is established with a three-way handshake (SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK) to ensure both sides are ready to communicate. This robust feature set makes TCP suitable for applications where data integrity is paramount, such as web browsing and file transfers, but its overhead makes it less ideal for real-time applications like streaming or online gaming.
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