» 平行公设(欧几里得第五公设)

平行公设(欧几里得第五公设)

-300
  • Euclid of Alexandria
刻有欧几里得平行公设和几何图形的石碑。

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Euclid’s fifth postulate, the parallel postulate, is the axiom that defines Euclidean geometry: it states that if a line intersects two other lines, and the interior angles on one side sum to less than two right angles ([latex]\alpha + \beta < 180^\circ[/latex]), then the two lines will eventually intersect on that side. This postulate guarantees a unique parallel line through a point not on a given line.

The Parallel Postulate is arguably the most influential single axiom in the history of geometry. Its perceived complexity compared to the other four 引领 to over two millennia of attempts to prove it from them. This quest was ultimately futile, but it was not a failure. In the early 19th century, mathematicians began to consider the consequences of negating the postulate. This led to the development of two major forms of non-Euclidean geometry.

Hyperbolic geometry, developed by Lobachevsky and Bolyai, assumes that through a point not on a line, there are infinitely many lines parallel to the given line. In this geometry, the sum of angles in a triangle is less than 180 degrees. Elliptic (or Riemannian) geometry, developed by Riemann, assumes there are no parallel lines. Here, the sum of angles in a triangle is greater than 180 degrees. The surface of a sphere is a common model for elliptic geometry. The discovery that these consistent, alternative geometries could exist was a paradigm shift. It demonstrated that Euclidean geometry was not an absolute truth about physical space but one of several possible mathematical structures. This realization was crucial for the development of Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity, which models spacetime as a curved, non-Euclidean manifold.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 1204
- 几何学

类型

抽象系统

中断

基础

使用方法

广泛使用

前体

  • Thales’s work on geometry
  • Pythagorean mathematics
  • Plato’s emphasis on axiomatic systems
  • Earlier Greek geometric concepts of lines and angles

应用

  • urban grid planning
  • perspective drawing in art
  • computer-aided design (计算机辅助设计) for mechanical parts
  • surveying and cartography
  • robotics path planning on flat surfaces

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Related to: parallel postulate, Euclid’s fifth postulate, non-Euclidean geometry, Playfair’s axiom, hyperbolic geometry, elliptic geometry, axioms, geometry.

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