» 同构

同构

1895
  • Henri Poincaré
通过拓扑图和变形示例展示同构的数学家工作区。

(generate image for illustration only)

同构是两个拓扑空间之间的连续函数,它有一个连续的反函数。如果存在这样的函数,两个拓扑空间就被称为同构。从拓扑学的角度来看,同构空间是相同的。这一概念体现了这样一种思想,即一个物体可以被拉伸、弯曲或变形为另一个物体,而不会撕裂或粘连,就像一个咖啡杯可以变成一个甜甜圈。

More formally, a function [latex]f: X \to Y[/latex] between two topological spaces [latex](X, \tau_X)[/latex] and [latex](Y, \tau_Y)[/latex] is a homeomorphism if it is a bijection, it is continuous, and its inverse [latex]f^{-1}: Y \to X[/latex] is also continuous. The condition that the inverse must also be continuous is crucial. For example, the function [latex]f: [0, 2\pi) \to S^1[/latex] defined by [latex]f(t) = (\cos(t), \sin(t))[/latex] is a continuous bijection from a half-open interval to a circle, but its inverse is not continuous at the point (1,0), so it is not a homeomorphism. Homeomorphism is an equivalence relation on the class of all topological spaces. The resulting equivalence classes are called homeomorphism classes. The central problem in topology is to determine whether two given topological spaces are homeomorphic. To do this, topologists find topological invariants—properties of spaces that are preserved under homeomorphisms. If two spaces do not share an invariant, they cannot be homeomorphic. Examples of topological invariants include connectedness, compactness, and the fundamental group.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 1209
- 拓扑结构

类型

抽象系统

中断

基础

使用方法

广泛使用

前体

  • Leonhard Euler’s work on graph theory and polyhedra
  • August Ferdinand Möbius’s discovery of the Möbius strip
  • Felix Klein’s Erlangen program
  • The development of continuous functions by Cauchy and Weierstrass

应用

  • classification of geometric objects
  • knot theory
  • topological data analysis
  • computer graphics and 3d modeling
  • robotics and motion planning

专利:

NA

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Related to: homeomorphism, continuous deformation, topological equivalence, donut, coffee mug, topological invariant, bijection, continuous function.

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