» 欧姆导体和非欧姆导体

欧姆导体和非欧姆导体

1900
Technician measuring current-voltage characteristics of ohmic and non-ohmic electrical components in a lab.

Conductors are classified by their adherence to Ohm’s law. Ohmic materials, like most metals at a constant temperature, exhibit a constant resistance, leading to a linear current-voltage (I-V) graph. Non-ohmic materials and devices, such as diodes and transistors, have a resistance that varies with voltage or current, resulting in a non-linear I-V characteristic curve.

The distinction between ohmic and non-ohmic behavior is fundamental to electronics. An ohmic device’s I-V graph is a straight line passing through the origin, with a slope equal to [latex]1/R[/latex]. This predictable, linear response is useful for components like resistors, whose primary function is to impede current flow by a set amount.

In contrast, non-ohmic devices are the foundation of active electronics. A semiconductor diode, for example, has very low resistance to current flowing in one direction (forward bias) but very high resistance in the opposite direction (reverse bias). This non-linear, asymmetric I-V curve allows it to function as a one-way gate for current. Similarly, the resistance of a 三极管 can be controlled by a small input voltage or current, enabling it to act as an amplifier or a switch. The non-linearity of these components is what makes complex information processing, from radio receivers to digital computers, possible.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2211
– Solid state physics

类型

抽象系统

中断

实质性

使用方法

广泛使用

前体

  • Ohm’s law, which provided the baseline linear relationship
  • 半导体材料和pn结的发现
  • 真空管的发明,一种早期的非欧姆器件
  • 固体物理学的发展解释了不同材料中的电荷传输

应用

  • 用于将交流电转换为直流电(整流)的半导体二极管
  • 用于信号放大和切换的晶体管
  • 热敏电阻作为温度传感器
  • 用于保护电路免受电压浪涌影响的压敏电阻
  • 发光二极管(LED)高效照明

专利:

NA

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Related to: ohmic, non-ohmic, i-v curve, semiconductor, diode, transistor, thermistor, resistance, linearity, electronics.

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