家 » 哈梅克理论（物理学）

哈梅克理论（物理学）

1937

H. C. Hamaker

A theory that extends the microscopic Van der Waals forces between individual atoms to the macroscopic scale, calculating the total interaction force between bulk objects (e.g., two spheres, a sphere and a plate). It assumes pairwise additivity, integrating the microscopic [latex]r^{-6}[/latex] potential over the volumes of the interacting bodies. The result is quantified by the Hamaker constant, [latex]A[/latex].

While London’s theory described the Van der Waals force between two atoms, Hamaker’s theory provided a practical method to calculate the force between macroscopic objects. The core assumption of the theory is pairwise additivity: the total interaction energy between two large bodies is simply the sum (or integral) of all the individual atom-atom interactions. For example, to find the force between a sphere and a flat surface, one would integrate the Lennard-Jones potential for a single atom in the sphere with every atom in the surface, and then integrate that result over all atoms in the sphere.

This integration leads to interaction potentials that decay much more slowly with distance than the microscopic [latex]r^{-6}[/latex] potential. For instance, the interaction energy between two flat plates varies as [latex]d^{-2}[/latex], and between a sphere and a plate as [latex]d^{-1}[/latex], where [latex]d[/latex] is the separation distance. The strength of this macroscopic interaction is encapsulated in the Hamaker constant, [latex]A[/latex], which depends on the atomic density of the materials and the microscopic interaction constant ([latex]C_6[/latex]). While the assumption of pairwise additivity is an approximation (it ignores many-body effects and the influence of the intervening medium), the Hamaker theory provides an invaluable and intuitive 框架 for understanding adhesion, colloidal stability, and surface forces.

化学气相沉积（CVD）, 环境工程, 材料科学, 纳米技术, 物理, 表面张力, 摩擦学

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2209

– Physical chemistry

类型

Theoretical Framework

中断

实质性

使用方法

广泛使用

前体

伦敦分散部队提供微观潜力的理论
连续体上力的积分学
DLVO theory, which incorporates Hamaker’s work to describe colloidal stability
粘附和胶体行为的早期实验观察

应用

胶体科学，作为 DLVO 理论的一部分，用于预测悬浮液的稳定性
原子力显微镜（AFM）模拟尖端-表面相互作用
design of microelectromechanical systems (微机电系统) to understand and prevent stiction (unwanted adhesion)
薄膜物理、润湿现象和表面能计算

专利：

潜在的创新想法

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Related to: Hamaker constant, macroscopic Van der Waals, colloid, surface science, adhesion, stiction, atomic force microscopy, DLVO theory, thin film, Lifshitz theory.