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A Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect 晶体管 (CNTFET) utilizes a single carbon nanotube (CNT) or an array of CNTs as the channel material instead of bulk silicon. Depending on its chirality (the arrangement of its graphene lattice), a CNT can be either metallic or semiconducting, making it a versatile building block for nanoelectronic devices with superior performance potential.
A CNTFET operates on the same principle as a conventional MOSFET. It has a source, a drain, and a gate terminal. The key difference is the channel, which is formed by one or more carbon nanotubes. When a voltage is applied to the gate, it creates an electric field that modulates the conductivity of the semiconducting CNT, turning the flow of current between the source and drain ‘on’ or ‘off’. The exceptional properties of CNTs make them highly attractive for this application. They exhibit extremely high carrier mobility, meaning electrons can travel through them with very little scattering, which translates to faster switching speeds and higher current-carrying capacity. Their one-dimensional structure provides excellent electrostatic control by the gate, reducing short-channel effects that plague scaled-down silicon transistors.
然而，CNTFET 的广泛商业化面临诸多挑战。其中最大的障碍是 CNT 的合成。典型的合成方法会产生金属纳米管和半导体纳米管的混合物。金属纳米管会造成短路，阻止晶体管完全关闭，并导致高漏电。大规模分离 100% 纯度的这些纳米管既困难又昂贵。另一个挑战是将 CNT 以精确的排列和密度放置在晶圆上。最后，在纳米管末端建立低电阻电接触并非易事，这可能会限制器件的整体性能。
Despite these issues, research has made significant progress. Techniques have been developed to selectively remove metallic CNTs or to convert them into semiconducting ones. Demonstrations of complex circuits, including a 16-bit microprocessor, have been built using CNTFETs, proving the viability of the technology. Their unique properties also make them ideal for novel applications like highly sensitive biosensors, where the CNT’s conductance changes dramatically upon the attachment of a target molecule, and for flexible electronics due to their inherent mechanical strength and flexibility.
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