담합이란 시장의 같은 편에 있는 참여자들 간에 특정 상품이나 서비스를 고정된 가격으로만 매매하기로 하는 명시적 또는 묵시적 합의를 말합니다. 경쟁업체들은 담합을 통해 가격 경쟁을 회피하고, 결과적으로 소비자 물가 상승과 시장 효율성 저하를 초래합니다. 이는 반독점법을 위반하는 가장 심각한 범죄 중 하나입니다.
가격 담합
1890
(설명을 위한 생성된 이미지입니다)
Price fixing is considered a ‘per se’ illegal act under the antitrust laws of most developed nations, including the Sherman Act in the United States. This means that the act itself is inherently illegal, and no defense or justification of the ‘reasonableness’ of the fixed price is permissible. The agreement harms the fundamental principles of a market economy by substituting collaboration for competition.
There are two primary types of price fixing. Horizontal price fixing occurs when the agreement is among competitors at the same level of the supply chain (e.g., two rival smartphone manufacturers). Vertical price fixing involves agreements between firms at different levels, such as a manufacturer and its distributors (also known as resale price maintenance). The agreement does not need to be written or even explicitly stated; it can be inferred from conduct, such as parallel pricing movements accompanied by other evidence of collusion (so-called ‘plus factors’). Famous cases include the lysine price-fixing conspiracy of the 1990s and various international cartels in industries ranging from vitamins to LCD panels.
UNESCO Nomenclature: 5311
미시경제학
유형
추상 시스템
분열
점진적
용법
널리 사용됨
전구체
- common law prohibitions against conspiracy and restraint of trade
- Adam Smith’s observations on merchants’ tendencies to collude in ‘the wealth of nations’
- early government attempts to regulate monopolies and trusts
응용 프로그램
- criminal prosecution of corporate executives and firms
- formation and regulation of cartels like opec
- class-action lawsuits by consumers to recover overcharges
- leniency programs that encourage whistleblowing from within a cartel
- economic analysis to detect collusive behavior in market data
특허:
NA
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Related to: price fixing, collusion, cartel, antitrust, sherman act, per se illegal, horizontal agreement, vertical agreement, price leadership, bid rigging.
역사적 맥락
가격 담합
(날짜를 알 수 없거나 관련이 없는 경우, 예를 들어 "유체역학"의 경우, 주목할 만한 등장 시기를 대략적으로 추정하여 제공합니다.)
