The fundamental building block of modern digital electronics is the transistor, specifically the MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor). It operates as an electronically controlled switch. By applying a voltage to its gate terminal, the flow of current between its source and drain terminals can be turned on (representing a ‘1’) or off (representing a ‘0’), enabling the implementation of logic gates.
虽然第一个晶体管是双极结型晶体管 (BJT)，但 MOSFET 凭借其可扩展性、静态功耗更低以及更高的密度，成为了数字电路的主导技术。MOSFET 有三个端子：栅极、源极和漏极。栅极通过一层薄薄的氧化层与源极和漏极之间的沟道绝缘。在栅极上施加电压会产生电场，从而控制沟道的电导率。
In digital applications, a MOSFET is operated in its cutoff (off) and triode/saturation (on) regions. When the gate voltage is below a certain threshold, the channel is non-conductive, the switch is ‘off’, and it represents a logic ‘0’. When the gate voltage is above the threshold, the channel becomes conductive, the switch is ‘on’, and it represents a logic ‘1’. By combining MOSFETs, typically in a complementary pair of P-type and N-type (forming CMOS logic), all basic logic gates can be constructed. The ability to miniaturize MOSFETs, as described by Moore’s Law, has driven the exponential growth in computing power for over half a century.
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