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» 2의 제곱근의 무리성

2의 제곱근의 무리성

-500
  • Hippasus of Metapontum
Stone tablet inscribed with the proof of the irrationality of the square root of 2.

(설명을 위한 생성된 이미지입니다)

그만큼 2의 제곱근 is an 무리수, meaning it cannot be expressed as a ratio of two integers [latex]p/q[/latex]. The classic proof, often attributed to the Pythagoreans, is a proof by contradiction: it assumes [latex]sqrt{2} = p/q[/latex] in lowest terms, which leads to the conclusion that both [latex]p[/latex] and [latex]q[/latex] must be even, contradicting the initial assumption.

The proof of the irrationality of [latex]\sqrt{2}[/latex] is a cornerstone of number theory and a classic example of reductio ad absurdum. The argument proceeds as follows: First, assume that [latex]\sqrt{2}[/latex] is a rational number. By definition, this means there exist two integers, [latex]p[/latex] and [latex]q[/latex] with no common factors other than 1, such that [latex]\sqrt{2} = p/q[/latex]. Squaring both sides gives [latex]2 = p^2/q^2[/latex], which can be rearranged to [latex]2q^2 = p^2[/latex].

This equation shows that [latex]p^2[/latex] is an even number, as it is a multiple of 2. A key lemma is that if the square of an integer is even, the integer itself must be even. Therefore, [latex]p[/latex] is even. This means [latex]p[/latex] can be written as [latex]2k[/latex] for some integer [latex]k[/latex]. Substituting [latex]p=2k[/latex] back into the equation [latex]2q^2 = p^2[/latex] yields [latex]2q^2 = (2k)^2 = 4k^2[/latex]. Dividing both sides by 2 gives [latex]q^2 = 2k^2[/latex].

This new equation shows that [latex]q^2[/latex] is also an even number, and by the same lemma, [latex]q[/latex] must also be even. The conclusion that both [latex]p[/latex] and [latex]q[/latex] are even contradicts the initial assumption that the fraction [latex]p/q[/latex] was in its simplest form (i.e., that [latex]p[/latex] and [latex]q[/latex] had no common factors). Since the initial assumption leads to a contradiction, the assumption must be false. Therefore, [latex]sqrt{2}[/latex] cannot be a rational number and is irrational. This discovery was revolutionary for Greek mathematics, which had been built on the premise that all geometric magnitudes could be compared as ratios of integers.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 1205
– Number theory

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추상 시스템

분열

혁명가

용법

널리 사용됨

전구체

  • concept of integers and rational numbers (ratios)
  • basic principles of logic, including proof by contradiction (reductio ad absurdum)
  • understanding of even and odd numbers
  • Pythagorean theorem, which geometrically produced the length

응용 프로그램

  • development of real number theory
  • foundation for mathematical analysis
  • understanding of incommensurable magnitudes in geometry
  • philosophical shift in the understanding of numbers and reality

특허:

NA

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Related to: irrational number, proof by contradiction, Pythagorean school, Hippasus, incommensurability, number theory, square root of 2, integers, ratio, Greek mathematics.

역사적 맥락

2의 제곱근의 무리성

-300
-300
-350
-500
150
1640
1650
-300
-300
-300
-400
-550
1635
1650
1736

(날짜를 알 수 없거나 관련이 없는 경우, 예를 들어 "유체역학"의 경우, 주목할 만한 등장 시기를 대략적으로 추정하여 제공합니다.)

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